Unterschiede

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--- carapichea_ipecacuanha_brot._l.andersson [2016/01/13 14:53] – andreas
+++ carapichea_ipecacuanha_brot._l.andersson [2016/01/14 16:28] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 2: / Zeile 2: @@
 ipecacuanha, ipecac, **Brasilianische Ipecacuanha**, Brasilianische Brechwurzel, Rio-Ipecacuanha
-Evergreen herb, up to 40cm high, native to South America, Central America, also cultivated; root knotty, with transverse rings; leaves opposite, simple, elliptic, acuminate; flowers small, white, funnel-shaped.
+Evergreen shrub, up to 40cm high, native to South America, Central America, also cultivated; root knotty, with transverse rings; leaves opposite, simple, elliptic, acuminate; flowers small, white, funnel-shaped.
 Cephaelis acuminata H.Karst. (syn. Uragoga granatensis Baillon) also known as Cartagena-Ipecacuanha, Panama-Ipecacuanha, or Nicaragua-Ipecacuanha, is know also neotypificated to Carapichea ipecacuanha. [[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27911397?tab=acceptednames]]
+When the ipecac alkaloids cephaeline, emetine and the synthetic 2-dehydroemetine (as dihydrochlorides) were administered to rabbits and cats, the effects of the three alkaloids on respiratory tract were identical. The volume output of respiratory tract fluid was increasingly augmented by doses of from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg. Doses of from 9.0 to 81 mg/kg were increasingly lethal. \\
+[The expectorant action of cephaeline, emetine and 2‐dehydroemetine., Boyd, E.M., Knight, L.M., Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 16(2), 1964, 118-124]
+{{:cephaeline_emetine.jpg|}} cephaeline (R=OH), emetine (R=OMe)
+European Pharmacopoeia require alkaloid contents of the root drug near 2% (AB-DDR 1.9-2.1%, Ph.Helv.VII min.2.0%, ÖAB and DAB 1.8-4%). \\
+[Wichtl, Max. Teedrogen, Teedrogen und Phytopharmaka, Stuttgart 2002, 252-253]
 Ipecac roots are used because of their expectorant, amoebicidal and emetic properties. "The crude drug is not suitable for self-medication as the doese has to be very carefully measured... the alkaloids irritate the nervus vagus in the stomach; this stimulates water secretion in bronchial tissues in a reflectory way, resulting in the known expectorant and secretolytic activities (note that saponins apparently work in the same way!)." \\
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 [Medicinal Plants of the World. Ben-Erik Van Wyk and Michael Wink, Pretoria 2004, 259]
-{{:cephaeline_emetine.jpg|}} cephaeline (R=OH), emetine (R=OMe)
+The isoquinoline alkaloids emetine and cephaeline, identified as the major bioactive compounds, accumulate in the roots throughout the year. The highest mean content of emetine was found at 0.4-1.4%, highest mean content of cephaeline was found at 0.15-0.26%. \\
-The isoquinoline alkaloids emetine and cephaeline have been identified as the major bioactive compounds, accumulating in the roots throughout the year. The highest mean content of emetine was found at 0.4-1.4%, highest mean content of cephaeline was found at 0.15-0.26%. \\
 [Variation in emetine and cephaeline contents in roots of wild ipecac (Psychotria ipecacuanha)., Garcia, R.M.A., de Oliveira, L.O., Moreira, M.A., Barros, W.S., Biochemical systematics and ecology, 33(3), 2005, 233-243]