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--- bursera_bipinnata_moc._sesse_ex_dc._engl [2021/07/01 21:10] – angelegt andreas
+++ bursera_bipinnata_moc._sesse_ex_dc._engl [2021/07/14 19:48] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
 Bursera bipinnata (Moc. & Sessé ex DC.) Engl. -  syn. Amyris bipinnata Moc. & Sessé ex DC. - Burseraceae \\
-Copal chino
+(árbol de) copal chino
-Tree, native to Central America (Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador). \\
+Small tree, up to 6m tall, native to Central America (Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador). \\
 [[https://www.gbif.org/species/7286788]]
+The odor impression of burnt copal chino is reminiscent of incense (resin and old church note).
+"The North American commercial incense copals are derived from species of Bursera, Protium (Burseraceae), and Hymenaea (Caesalpiniaceae) but are also distinguished by the technique of harvesting as well as by species... The essential oil of copal bianco (probably from B. bipinnata) is dominated by 14.52 ± 1.28% α-copaene and 13.75 ± 1.06% germacrene D." \\
+[Case, Ryan J., et al. "Chemistry and ethnobotany of commercial incense copals copal blanco, copal oro, and copal negro, of North America." Economic Botany 57.2 (2003): 189-202]
+"The word //'copal'// comes from the Nahuatl word //'copalli'// which means resin, the tree is called copalcuahitl, from copalli = resin and cuahuitl = tree." \\
+[BASÁÑEZ, Miguel CHÁZARO; MOSTUL, Burn L.; LARA, Feliciano GARCÍA. Los copales mexicanos (Bursera spp.). Revista científica internacional dedicada al estudio de la flora ornamental, Bouteloua 7: 57-70 (XII-2010)] \\
+[[http://www.floramontiberica.org/bouteloua/Bouteloua_07.pdf#page=57]]
 "Bursera bipinnata (Sessè & Moc. ex DC.) Engl. ... is commonly known as copal cimarrón and copal santo. It is distributed from southern Chihuahua and Sinaloa to Morelos, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. Although chemically variable, the main volatile component of its fresh resin is α-pinene (Becerra, J.X., Personal observations. 2015)." \\
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 [[https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/20/12/19849/pdf]]
-"... copal chino (Bursera bippinnata) was a resin offered to the gods in Mesoamerican agricultural rituals... the use of copal in the calendar festivities of worship of the sun and the gods of Earth, Water, Fire, Wind and War, because its aromatic smoke, that was also considered divine food, allowed the link between deities and humans." \\
+"It is important to point out that Bursera bipinnata is known by the vernacular names of copal chino, copal santo, palo copal, torote blanco, cimarrón copal, copal amargo o perlate (Martínez, 1979: 1027); It is also known as copal blanco, copal de penca o copalquáhuitl... This taxon [B.bipinnata] represents plants that are exploited in a way preferential to obtain white copal, the most appreciated aromatic resin of the highest commercial quality; but also, the trees in the second place are subject to collection due to the resin that they release naturally and which is known under different names: copal de piedra, copal negro, goma de copal... \\
+copal chino (Bursera bipinnata) was a resin offered to the gods in Mesoamerican agricultural rituals... the use of copal in the calendar festivities of worship of the sun and the gods of Earth, Water, Fire, Wind and War, because its aromatic smoke, that was also considered divine food, allowed the link between deities and humans." \\
 [Montúfar López, Aurora. "Copal de Bursera bipinnata. Una resina mesoamericana de uso ritual." Trace (México, DF) 70 (2016): 45-78] \\
 [[http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/trace/n70/2007-2392-trace-70-00045.pdf]]
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 {{bursera_bipinnata.jpg}} \\
-B.pinnata; Cerro del Fortín (2013) author: Elizabeth Torres Bahena [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|CC-BY-SA 4.0]] [[https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/462728]]
+B.pinnata; Cerro del Fortín (2013) author: Elizabeth Torres Bahena [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/|CC-BY-SA 4.0]] [[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=283240]]