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--- agathosma_betulina_berg._pillans [2024/07/20 18:08] – andreas
+++ agathosma_betulina_berg._pillans [2026/02/21 16:32] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 2: / Zeile 2: @@
 honey buchu, mountain buch, round leaf buchu, (short) buchu, **Buchu**, Birkenähnliche Duftraute, Bucco, Buccostrauch
-Perennial herb or shrub, up to 2m heigh, native to South Africa (mountains of th Western Cap Province); leaves obovate, tips curved backwards; flowers solitary in leaf axil, small, white to purplish; fruit a five-parted capsule. \\
+Perennial herb or shrub, up to 2m heigh, native to South Africa (mountains of th Western Cap Province); leaves obovate, tips curved backwards; flowers solitary in leaf axil, small, white to purplish; fruit a five-parted capsule.
-"The essential oils and extracts of the leaves are used as flavoring for teas, candy, and a liquor known as buchu brandy in South Africa. The two primary chemical constituents of the oils of A. betulina are [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1003111.html|isomenthone]] and diosphenol. The extract is said to taste like blackcurrant." \\
+"The essential oils and extracts of the leaves are used as flavoring for teas, candy, and a liquor known as buchu brandy in South Africa. The two primary chemical constituents of the oils of A. betulina are [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1003111.html|isomenthone]] and diosphenol. The extract is said to taste like blackcurrant." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathosma_betulina|wikipedia]]
-[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathosma_betulina]]
-P-menthane-8-thiol-3-one was identified as a specific odor-determining ingredient of buchu leaf oil. \\
+| {{:pulegone_minus.jpg| (-)-pulegone }} \\ (-)-pulegone | {{:isomenthone_minus.jpg| (-)-isomenthone }} \\ (-)-isomenthone | {{:8mercapto_pmenthane3one.jpg| 8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one }} \\ (1S)-8-mercapto- \\ p-menthane-3-one | {{:8acetylthio_pmenthane3one.jpg| 8-acetylthio-p-menthane-3-one }} \\ (1S)-8-acetylthio- \\ p-menthane-3-one | {{:diosphenol.jpg| diosphenol }} \\ diosphenol | {{:diosphenol_phi.jpg| ϕ-diosphenol }} \\ ϕ-diosphenol |
+By means of distillation and chromatography, Buchu Leaf Oil was separated into numerous fractions. p-Menthane-8-thiol-3-one (8-mercapto-p-menthan-3-one, buchu mercaptan) was identified as a specific odor-determining ingredient of buchu leaf oil. \\
 [Lamparsky, D., and P. Schudel. "p-Menthane-8-thiol-3-one, a new component of buchu leaf oil." Tetrahedron Letters 12.36 (1971): 3323-3326] and [Sundt, E., et al. "Das organoleptische Prinzip von Cassis‐Flavor im Buccublätteröl." Helvetica Chimica Acta 54.7 (1971): 1801-1805]
@@ Zeile 16: / Zeile 17: @@
 The qualitative sensory evaluation of the thiolacetates give strong and fruity odour impressions (trans-compounds more intensive than the cis-isomers). \\
 [Stereoisomeric flavour compounds. Part LVII: The stereoisomers of 3‐Oxo‐p‐menthane‐8‐thiol acetate, simultaneously stereoanalysed with their corresponding thiols., Köpke, T., Schmarr, H.G., Mosandl, A., Flavour and fragrance journal, Vol.7(4), 1992, 205-211]
-| {{:pulegone_minus.jpg| (-)-pulegone }} \\ (-)-pulegone | {{:isomenthone_minus.jpg| (-)-isomenthone }} \\ (-)-isomenthone | {{:8mercapto_pmenthane3one.jpg| 8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-one }} \\ (1S)-8-mercapto- \\ p-menthane-3-one | {{:8acetylthio_pmenthane3one.jpg| 8-acetylthio-p-menthane-3-one }} \\ (1S)-8-acetylthio- \\ p-menthane-3-one | {{:diosphenol.jpg| diosphenol }} \\ diosphenol | {{:diosphenol_phi.jpg| ϕ-diosphenol }} \\ ϕ-diosphenol |
 "The chemical composition of three different buchu essential oils which were derived from Agathosma betulina, A. crenulata and an A betulina x crenulata hybrid respectively (fam. Rutaceae) was investigated by means of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Approximately 40 compounds, all known, were detected. A. betulina was characterized by 31% of (iso)menthone, 41% (ϕ)-diosphenol and 3% of the olfactory important cis- and trans-8-mercapto-p-menthane-3-ones. The A. crenulata oil contained very high quantities of pulegone (54%) besides considerable quantities of trans-8-acetylthio-p-menthan-3-one (7%). The hybrid showed, apart from a very high concentration of (iso)menthone (55%), an intermediate composition." \\
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 "The indigenous Khoi-San people of the Western Cape have used Agathosma betulina, (better known as buchu) the focus of this study, for many years (Jodamus 2003). It has been well documented that the Khoi people used it for almost everything, from stomach ailments to moisturizing their skins. More recently, due to its commercialization, buchu has become so sought after that it is being treated as a protected species, is highly vulnerable to extinction, and is being cited as the abalone of the land. Internationally, there is a huge demand for it, since its major uses are in the pharmaceutical and food industry (Coetzee et al. 1999). Locally, it is being distilled by large companies at profitable rate. According to the Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (WCNCB), the buchu industry generates approximately R150 million per year. Until 1995, the only sources of buchu were wild plantations in the mountains of the Western Cape. This put the resource at risk." \\
-[SANBI Red List of South African Plants, 2017] [[http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=3359-22]]
+[[http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=3359-22|SANBI Red List of South African Plants, 2017]]
 The dried or fresh leaves of buchu are used as diuretic, diaphoretic and stimulant tonic. "Buchu is widely used and has a great reputation for treaing kidney and urinary tract diseases, for the symptomatic relief of rheumatism, ans also for ecternal application on wounds and bruises (in folk medicine as buchu vinegar). Buchu is an excellent tonic and is used to treat minor digestive disturbances. Buchu leaf and oil are important flavour components in herbal teas and food products." \\
@@ Zeile 37: / Zeile 35: @@
 [The biological activity and essential oil composition of 17 Agathosma (Rutaceae) species., Viljoen, A.M., Moolla, A., Van Vuuren, S.F., Van Zyl, R.L., Hüsnü, K., Baser, C., Trinder-Smith, T.H., The Journal of essential oil research, Vol.18, 2006, 2-16]
-{{:barosma_betulina.jpg?600}} \\
+{{:barosma_betulina.jpg?700}} \\
-Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.3, t.63 (1890) \\
+Köhler, F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.3, t.63 (1890) [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=27501|plantgenera.org]]
-[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=27501]]
+{{:agathosma_bet.jpg?700|Agathosma betulina}} \\
+Agathosma betulina, Western Cape, South Africa (2024) © Chris Laidler [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/|CC BY-SA 4.0]] [[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=579225|inaturalist.org]]