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--- achillea_millefolium_l [2015/11/07 15:42] – andreas
+++ achillea_millefolium_l [2020/08/12 07:09] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-Achillea millefolium L. - Asteraceae - Common Yarrow, Milfoil, Woundwort, Bloodwort, Tansy, **Gemeine Schafgarbe**, Wiesenschafgarbe
+Achillea millefolium L. - Asteraceae - common yarrow, milfoil, woundwort, bloodwort, tansy, **Gemeine Schafgarbe**, Wiesenschafgarbe
 Aromatic rhizomatous perennial, native to Europe, West Asia, North America; 0.20-0.80m high, stems simple or branched; leaves pinnately dissected, the blade 3-15 cm, to 2.5 cm wide, the basal petiolate, all but the lowermost cauline sessile; heads numerous in a flat or round-topped, short and broad, paniculate-corymbiform inflorescens, the disk 2-4 mm wide; ray flowers about 5, white or occasionally pink, 2-3 mm; disk-flowers 10-30; various habitats, but especially in disturbed sites; circumboreal; fl. time June-Nov.
-The air-dried aerial parts of Achillea millefolium (yarrow, milfoil, Millefolium, Herba millefolii, Millefolii Herba, Schafgarbenkraut), gathered during the flowering period from June to September, have been used for a long time. The Greek hero Achilles (ca. 1200 B.C.) is said to have used the leaves to stop the bloodflow of his wounded soldiers. The drug got mention in numerous of the great herb books of the Middle Ages. \\
+The group includes several varieties and subspecies like: \\
+Achillea millefolium var. collina Becker ex Wirtg. = Achillea collina (Becker ex Wirtg.) Heimerl - Europe, Hügel-Schafgarbe (german)\\
+Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium - Europe, Asia\\
+Achillea millefolium subsp. borealis (Bong.) Breitung = Achillea borealis Bong. - arctic regions \\
+Achillea millefolium var. alpicola;  var. californica; var. occidentalis; var. pacifica; var. puberula - North America \\
+[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillea_millefolium]]
+The air-dried aerial parts of Achillea millefolium (yarrow, milfoil, Millefolium, Herba millefolii, Millefolii Herba, Schafgarbenkraut), gathered during the flowering period from June to September, have been used for a long time: The Greek hero Achilles (ca. 1200 B.C.) is said to have used the leaves to stop the bloodflow of his wounded soldiers. The drug got mention in numerous of the great herb books of the Middle Ages. \\
 Yarrow contains flavanoids, tannin, chamazulenogenic compounds, volatile oil (0.1-1%) and a bitter principle. \\
 [BHP83, Wichtl, BI, CRC]
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 [Bundesanzeiger: 1.2.1990., Heftnummer: 22a., ATC-Code: A15. Monographie BGA/BfArM (Kommission E)] [[http://buecher.heilpflanzen-welt.de/BGA-Kommission-E-Monographien/achillea-millefolium-schafgarbe.htm]]
-It has been stated that the guaianolid alpha-peroxyachifolid is responsible for the allergic contact dermatitis caused by yarrow. \\
+Only the tetraploid species produce blue oils on steam distillation, indicating the presence of proazulenes in the herb. The proazulene biotype was represented by tetraploid species (In = 36, A.collina Becker from Ukraine and A. asiatica Serg. from Moscov) and the nonazulene type by the hexaploid species A. millefolium L. (In = 54). \\
+[Korrelation zwischen Chromosomenzahl und Prochamazulenen in Achillea von Osteuropa.(Correlation between number of chromosomes and prochamazulene in easteuropean Achillea)., Oswiecimska, M., Planta Med., 25(4), 1974, 389-395]
+It has been stated that the guaianolid α-peroxyachifolid is responsible for the allergic contact dermatitis caused by yarrow. \\
 [Ruecker G, Manns D, Breuer J, Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim, Ger.) 324(12) (1991), 979-81] \\
@@ Zeile 18: / Zeile 28: @@
 [Kokkalou E, Kokkini S, Hanlidoe E, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 20(7) (1992), 665-70]
-Only the tetraploid Achillea millefolium subsp. collina has a blue oil, indicating the presence of chamazulene (up to 61%). Other subspecies do not yield blue oils, their oils contain isoartemisia ketone.
+The flower heads of A.millefolium var. collina contain several individual sesquiterpene lactones, including some proazulenic guaianolides (artabsin-, achillicin- and matricine derivatives eg.). \\
-germacrene D (7-33%) and caryophyllene are also present. \\
+[Sesquiterpene lactones from Achillea collina J. Becker ex Reichenb., Trendafilova, A., Todorova, M., Mikhova, B., Vitkova, A., Duddeck, H., Phytochemistry, 67(8), 2006, 764-770]
-[Steinegger, Haensel], [Cygan FC, Pharm. Zeitg. 139 (1994), 438-440]
-"... flowering aerial parts of wild Achillea millefolium growing on the Mediterranean coast (Sardinia Island, Italy) and on the Atlantic coast (Portugal- Serra de Montemuro) were used as a matrix for supercritical extraction of volatile oil with CO2 (SFE).... The results showed the presence of two type oils. The Italian volatile extracts (SFE and essential oil) are predominantly composed by alpha-asarone (25.6-33.3%, in the SFE extract and in the HD oil, respectively), beta-bisabolene (27.3-16.6%) and alpha-pinene (10.0-17.0%); whereas the main components of the Portuguese extracts are trans-thujone (31.4-29.0%), trans-crhysanthenyl acetate (19.8-15.8%) and beta-pinene (1.2-11.1%)." \\
+The essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. growing in different parts of Europe were obtained in yields of 0.9-9.5 mL kg−1. The most important components were sabinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, artemisia ketone, linalool, α-thujone, β-thujone, camphor, borneol, fenchyl acetate, bornyl acetate, (E)-β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, caryophyllene oxide, β-bisabolol, δ-cadinol, chamazulene etc. \\
+"Samples from Estonia contained high amounts of monoterpenes and chamazulene. High amounts of monoterpenes and chamazulene were also found in samples from Hungary, Greek, Moldavia, Latvia, Lithuania and Germany. The oils from France, Belgium, Russia, Armenia, Spain and Italy were rich in oxygenated monoterpenes and contained a little amount of chamazulene. The drugs from Greece, Estonia, Moldavia and Scotland were rich in sesquiterpenes." \\
+[Orav, Anne, Elmar Arak, and Ain Raal. "Phytochemical analysis of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. from various European Countries." Natural product research 20.12 (2006): 1082-1088]
+"... flowering aerial parts of wild Achillea millefolium growing on the Mediterranean coast (Sardinia Island, Italy) and on the Atlantic coast (Portugal- Serra de Montemuro) were used as a matrix for supercritical extraction of volatile oil with CO2 (SFE).... The results showed the presence of two type oils. The Italian volatile extracts (SFE and essential oil) are predominantly composed by α-asarone (25.6-33.3%, in the SFE extract and in the HD oil, respectively), β-bisabolene (27.3-16.6%) and α-pinene (10.0-17.0%); whereas the main components of the Portuguese extracts are trans-thujone (31.4-29.0%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (19.8-15.8%) and β-pinene (1.2-11.1%)." \\
 [Chemical composition and biological activity of the volatile extracts of Achillea millefolium., Falconieri, D., Piras, A., Porcedda, S., Marongiu, B., Gonçalves, M.J., Cabral, C., Salgueiro, L., Natural product communications, 6(10), 2011, 1527-1530]
-The yields of oil in 14 commercial samples of yarrow were ranged from 0.1%-1.0% (12 samples were in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia requirements, not less than 0.2 % of essential oil). The most important components of the oils were chamazulene (0.8-44.3%), β-pinene (tr-23.3%), sabinene (0-16.5%), bornyl acetate (tr-15.8 %), (E)-β-caryophyllene (2.5-14.3%), (E)-nerolidol (tr-9.6 %), 1,8-cineole (tr-9.6 %), and germacrene D (0.2-7.8 %). \\
+|{{:chamazulene.jpg|chamazulene}} \\ chamazulene|{{:beta_pinene.jpg|β-pinene}} \\ β-pinene |{{:sabinene.jpg|sabinene}} \\ sabinene |{{:bornylacetate.jpg| bornyl acetate }} \\ bornyl acetate |{{1.8cineole.jpg| 1.8-cineole}} \\ 1.8-cineole |
+The yields of oil in 14 commercial samples of yarrow ranged from 0.1%-1.0% (12 samples were in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia requirements, demanding not less than 0.2%). The most important components of the oils were chamazulene (0.8-44.3%), β-pinene (tr-23.3%), sabinene (0-16.5%), bornyl acetate (tr-15.8 %), (E)-β-caryophyllene (2.5-14.3%), (E)-nerolidol (tr-9.6 %), 1,8-cineole (tr-9.6 %), and germacrene D (0.2-7.8 %). \\
 [Essential oil content and composition in commercial Achillea millefolium L. herbs from different countries., Raal, A., Orav, A., Arak, E., Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 15(1), 2012, 22-31]
-{{:achillea_millefolium.jpg?500}} \\
+In a randomized controlled trial, 56 cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM), "... the experimental group gargled 15 mL of a mixture of routine solution and distilled A. millefolium 4 times a day for 14 days while the control group gargled 15 mL of routine solution. The severity of OM was assessed at three times before, 7 and 14 days after intervention. The mean severity score was 2.39 ± 0.875 in both groups at start of the study that was changed to 1.07 ± 0.85 and 0.32 ± 0.54 in the intervention group in days 7 and 14 (p < 0.001). However, the severity of OM was increased to 2.75 ± 0.87 and 2.89 ± 0.956 in the control group respectively (p < 0.001)... A. millefolium distillate healed oral mucositis much more than the routine solution." \\
+[Miranzadeh, S., Adib-Hajbaghery, M., Soleymanpoor, L., & Ehsani, M. (2015). Effect of adding the herb Achillea millefolium on mouthwash on chemotherapy induced oral mucositis in cancer patients: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Oncology Nursing.]
+{{:achillea_millefolium.jpg?600}} \\
 Köhler,F.E., Medizinal Pflanzen, vol.1 t.70 (1887) [W.Müller] \\
 [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=11698]]
+{{http://www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at/Bilder/Lumix_3/P1190996.JPG}} \\
+Achillea millefolium \\ © Rolf Marschner (2009),
+[[http://botanische-spaziergaenge.at/viewtopic.php?f=131&t=2677| www.botanische-spaziergaenge.at]]