| Beide Seiten der vorigen RevisionVorhergehende ÜberarbeitungNächste Überarbeitung | Vorhergehende ÜberarbeitungNächste ÜberarbeitungBeide Seiten der Revision |
| viola_odorata_l [2015/05/18 15:01] – andreas | viola_odorata_l [2016/09/25 08:42] – andreas |
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| Viola odorata L. - Violaceae - sweet violet, garden violet, English violet, **Duftveilchen**, März-Veilchen | Viola odorata L. - Violaceae - sweet violet, garden violet, English violet, **Duftveilchen**, März-Veilchen |
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| Perennial herb, up to 10cm high; native to Eurasia, North Africa, cultivated as ornamental; leaves basal, petioled (up to 5cm), orbicular or reniform to broadly ovate-cordate, crenate; flowers fragrant, deep violet, seldom white or pink, stipules ovate, 3-4mm broad. \\ | Perennial herb, up to 10cm high; native to Eurasia, North Africa, cultivated as ornamental; leaves basal, petioled (up to 5cm), orbicular or reniform to broadly ovate-cordate, base deeply cordate, margin crenate; flowers fragrant, deep violet, seldom white or pink, stipules ovate, 3-4mm broad. \\ |
| [[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014395]] | [[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014395]] |
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| [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_odorata]] | [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_odorata]] |
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| "Viola odorata flowers give 0.003% essential oil. According to older informations, the oil contains benzyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2,6-nonadienal (violet leaf aldehyde), 2,6-nonadienol. Fragrance principle is parmon (= (E)-α-ionone, as (R)-(+)-enantiomer (99.9%)." \\ | The odorants from vacuum headspace analysis (with GC-MS and GC-O) could be divided into fruity-floral-raspberry notes with α-ionone (3.3%), β-ionone (8.24%), dihydro-β-ionone (0.62%); floral ones like linalool (trace), 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (17.0%); fatty-waxy-aldehydic like octanal (0.73%), nonanal (1.12%), decanal (0.93%), green-grassy cis-3-hexenal (trace), cis-3-hexenyl acetate (0.49%); green-peasy-galbanum 2-isopropyl 3-methoxypyrazine (trace), 2-sec-butyl-3 methoxypxrazine (trace); gree-fatty-cucumber (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienal (trace), (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienol (trace). The last two compounds are also responsible for the strong green-fatty odor of the violet leaf absolute which is widely used in perfumery. \\ |
| [Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer 2010] | [New data on trace components with sensory relevance in flower scents, Brunke, E.J., Rittler, F., Schmaus, G., Dragoco Rep., 1, 1996, 5-21] |
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| | | {{:ionone_alpha_er.jpg| α-ionone}} \\ [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/alphaionone.htm|(R)-(+)-(E)-α-ionone]] | {{:ionone_beta.jpg|β-ionone}} \\ β-ionone | {{:dihydroionone_beta.jpg |
| | |β-ionone}} \\ dihydro-β-ionone |{{:ez26nonadienal.jpg|(E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal}} \\ (E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal | |
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| "A recent headspace analysis of violets in bloom even gave 35.7% of α-ionone, 21.1% of | "A recent headspace analysis of violets in bloom even gave 35.7% of α-ionone, 21.1% of |
| β-ionone, and 18.2% of dihydro-β-ionone, which makes together 75% of the headspace." \\ | β-ionone, and 18.2% of dihydro-β-ionone, which makes together 75% of the headspace." \\ |
| [Fragrance chemistry - milestones and perspectives., Gautschi, M., Bajgrowicz, J.A., Kraft, P., CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, Vol.55(5), 2001, 379-387] | [Fragrance chemistry - milestones and perspectives., Gautschi, M., Bajgrowicz, J.A., Kraft, P., CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, Vol.55(5), 2001, 379-387] |
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| | "Viola odorata flowers give 0.003% essential oil. According to older information, the oil contains benzyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2,6-nonadienal (violet leaf aldehyde), 2,6-nonadienol. Fragrance principle is parmon = (E)-α-ionone, as (R)-(+)-enantiomer (99.9%)." \\ |
| | [Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer 2010] |
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| "Genome-wide and in vitro assays demonstrate rs6591536 as the causal variant for β-ionone odor sensitivity. rs6591536 encodes a N183D substitution in the second extracellular loop of OR5A1 and explains >96% of the observed phenotypic variation, resembling a monogenic Mendelian trait. Individuals carrying genotypes for β-ionone sensitivity can more easily differentiate between food and beverage stimuli with and without added β-ionone. Sensitive individuals typically describe β-ionone in foods and beverages as “fragrant” and “floral,” whereas less-sensitive individuals describe these stimuli differently. rs6591536 genotype also influences emotional associations and explains differences in food and product choices." \\ | "Genome-wide and in vitro assays demonstrate rs6591536 as the causal variant for β-ionone odor sensitivity. rs6591536 encodes a N183D substitution in the second extracellular loop of OR5A1 and explains >96% of the observed phenotypic variation, resembling a monogenic Mendelian trait. Individuals carrying genotypes for β-ionone sensitivity can more easily differentiate between food and beverage stimuli with and without added β-ionone. Sensitive individuals typically describe β-ionone in foods and beverages as “fragrant” and “floral,” whereas less-sensitive individuals describe these stimuli differently. rs6591536 genotype also influences emotional associations and explains differences in food and product choices." \\ |
| Masclef, A., Atlas des plantes de France, vol.2, t.41 (1890) \\ | Masclef, A., Atlas des plantes de France, vol.2, t.41 (1890) \\ |
| [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=1065193]] | [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=1065193]] |
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| | {{:dsc03645k.jpg?800}} \\ |
| | Viola odorata, Author: Andreas Kraska [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]] |
