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--- justicia_adhatoda_l [2015/11/17 12:45]
andreas
+++ justicia_adhatoda_l [2015/11/17 15:10]
andreas
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 The leaves contain the quinazoline alkaloids deoxyvasicine, vasicine (0.96%) and vasicinone (0.03%). Vasicine undergoes auto-oxidation to vasicinone, but the rate is very low.\\
-"Vasicine has appreciable bronchodilatory effect and marked respiratory stimulant activities, whereas vasicinone shows relaxation of the tracheal muscle in vitro and bronchoconstriction in vivo. A detailed preclinical study revealed that vasicinone has a synergetic effect on vasicine in bronchodilation, as well as in increasing ciliary movements. It was also observed that the cardiac depressant effect manifested by vasicine was normalized by vasicinone. Vasicine and vasicinone mixed in 1 : 1 ratio has shown higher broncho-dilatory activity and antagonism against histamine induced bronchoconstriction as vasicine alone..."
+"Vasicine has appreciable bronchodilatory effect and marked respiratory stimulant activities, whereas vasicinone shows relaxation of the tracheal muscle in vitro and bronchoconstriction in vivo. A detailed preclinical study revealed that vasicinone has a synergetic effect on vasicine in bronchodilation, as well as in increasing ciliary movements. It was also observed that the cardiac depressant effect manifested by vasicine was normalized by vasicinone. Vasicine and vasicinone mixed in 1 : 1 ratio has shown higher broncho-dilatory activity and antagonism against histamine induced bronchoconstriction as vasicine alone..." \\
 [Quantitative determination of vasicine and vasicinone in Adhatoda vasica
 by high performance capillary electrophoresis. B. Avula, S. Begum, S. Ahmed, M. I. Choudhary, I.A.Khan, Pharmazie 63: 20-22 (2008)]
+"... even at the highest clinically used doses ambroxol does not have significant direct effects on the CNS. At clinically relevant plasma concentrations ambroxol either does not penetrate blood-brain barrier, or its brain levels are too low to cause relevant effects. \\
+Ambroxol has been used in the therapy of airway diseases since late 1970s. Its history can be traced, however, to ayurvedic medicine in ancient India. The plant Adhatoda vasica has been used in India for similar indications for centuries. In Germany this plant is still called ‘Indisches Lungenkraut’ (Indian lung weed). The likely active substance in the plant is the alkaloid, vasicine. A chemically related drug, bromhexine, was introduced in 1965 to treat mild respiratory disorders. Ambroxol, the active metabolite of bromexine, has been found to be responsible for the therapeutic effect; and found to be superior to bromhexine in its pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and side effect profile." \\
+[Ambroxol: a CNS drug?., Weiser, T., CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 14(1), 2008, 17-24]
 "Adhatoda vasica has been used in many ayurvedic formulations... Remarkable wound healing activity was observed with the ointment formulation of the methanol extract at 1% concentration." \\
@@ Zeile 17: / Zeile 21: @@
 whooping cough and chronic bronchitis and asthma, as sedative expectorant, antispasmodic and anthelmintic. It is an official drug and is mentioned in the Pharmacopoeia of India. The leaves, roots, flowers and bark of Adhatoda are all used for medicinal purposes. It is well known for preparation of medicine for bronchitis, asthma and other pulmonary infections." \\
 [Adhatoda vasica Nees: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile. Thokchom P Singh, Okram M Singh, Huidrom B Singh, The Natural Products Journal 01/2011; 1(29), 29-39]
+[[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00032.x/full]]
+{{:justicia_adhatoda.jpg?500}} \\
+Bentham-Moxon Trust.; Curtis, William; Curtis's botanical magazine dedications, 1827-1927, f.861 \\
+[[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Curtis's_botanical_magazine_%28No._861%29_%288471018664%29.jpg]]

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