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artemisia_absinthium_l [2016/09/20 13:24]
andreas |
artemisia_absinthium_l [2016/11/05 17:11]
andreas |
| "Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) essential oil obtained by steam distillation has been investigated by GC and GC/MS. The main component was determined to be either [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thujone|(α + β) thujone]] or cis-chrysanthenol, depending upon the maturation state of the plant. In wormwood harvested after flowering period (October or November), the amount of cis-chrysanthenol may reach more than 60%. The wormwood growing in Auvergne could be considered to be a new chemotype; a cis-chrysanthenol chemotype." \\ | "Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) essential oil obtained by steam distillation has been investigated by GC and GC/MS. The main component was determined to be either [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thujone|(α + β) thujone]] or cis-chrysanthenol, depending upon the maturation state of the plant. In wormwood harvested after flowering period (October or November), the amount of cis-chrysanthenol may reach more than 60%. The wormwood growing in Auvergne could be considered to be a new chemotype; a cis-chrysanthenol chemotype." \\ |
| [cis-Chrysanthenol, a main component in essential oil of //Artemisia absinthium L.// growing in Auvergne (Massif Central), France. Carnat, A. P., Madesclaire, M., Chavignon, O., Lamaison, J. L., Journal of Essential Oil Research, Vol.4(5), 1992, 487-490] | [cis-Chrysanthenol, a main component in essential oil of //Artemisia absinthium L.// growing in Auvergne (Massif Central), France. Carnat, A. P., Madesclaire, M., Chavignon, O., Lamaison, J. L., Journal of Essential Oil Research, Vol.4(5), 1992, 487-490] |
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| | {{:thujone.jpg|thujone}} thujone |
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| "Several essential oils obtained from Artemisia absinthium L. from four localities in the Spanish Pyrenees were analyzed by GC/MS. Two chemotypes were detected; a cis-epoxyocimene type (with more than 50% of this compound) which was predominant in all the populations, and a cis-epoxyocimene + chrysanthenyl acetate type (with 25-65% of cis-epoxyocimene and 15-50% of chrysanthenyl acetate). The distribution of these chemotypes had no relation with the altitude of the samples. None of the plants tested contained thujone, a fact which could be very interesting for the food industry." \\ | "Several essential oils obtained from Artemisia absinthium L. from four localities in the Spanish Pyrenees were analyzed by GC/MS. Two chemotypes were detected; a cis-epoxyocimene type (with more than 50% of this compound) which was predominant in all the populations, and a cis-epoxyocimene + chrysanthenyl acetate type (with 25-65% of cis-epoxyocimene and 15-50% of chrysanthenyl acetate). The distribution of these chemotypes had no relation with the altitude of the samples. None of the plants tested contained thujone, a fact which could be very interesting for the food industry." \\ |
| In addition to the β-thujone chemotype, there are more chemotypes with cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, cis-chrysanthenol, cis-epoxycimene, sabinylacetate, bornyl acetate or α-phellandrene as a main component. The cis-epoxyocimene type is predominant in the western Alps at altitudes over 1000 m, while the β-thujone type is more common in lower zones. In wormwood oil from Tuscany or the Spanish Pyrenees, neither α- nor β-thujone could be detected, so that these chemotypes are ideally suited for the spirits industry. Absinthe with wormwood quantities of historical recipes can therefore be produced without the risk for the manufacturer to pass the thujone limit." \\ | In addition to the β-thujone chemotype, there are more chemotypes with cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, cis-chrysanthenol, cis-epoxycimene, sabinylacetate, bornyl acetate or α-phellandrene as a main component. The cis-epoxyocimene type is predominant in the western Alps at altitudes over 1000 m, while the β-thujone type is more common in lower zones. In wormwood oil from Tuscany or the Spanish Pyrenees, neither α- nor β-thujone could be detected, so that these chemotypes are ideally suited for the spirits industry. Absinthe with wormwood quantities of historical recipes can therefore be produced without the risk for the manufacturer to pass the thujone limit." \\ |
| [Authentifizierung von alkoholischen Getränken mittels GC/MS und HPTLC: Absinth - Kultdrink oder Fusel?, Lachenmeier Dirk W., Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik, Vol.56, 2005, 18-21] [[http://www.analytik-news.de/Fachartikel/Volltext/CLB12.pdf]] | [Authentifizierung von alkoholischen Getränken mittels GC/MS und HPTLC: Absinth - Kultdrink oder Fusel?, Lachenmeier Dirk W., Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik, Vol.56, 2005, 18-21] [[http://www.analytik-news.de/Fachartikel/Volltext/CLB12.pdf]] |
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| | "... α-thujone acts at the noncompetitive blocker site of the GABAA receptor and is rapidly detoxified, thereby providing a reasonable explanation for some of the actions of absinthe other than those caused by ethanol, and allowing more meaningful evaluation of risks involved in the continued use of herbal medicines containing α-thujone." \\ |
| | [α-Thujone (the active component of absinthe): γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification., Höld, K.M., Sirisoma, N.S., Ikeda, T., Narahashi, T., Casida, J.E., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(8), 2000, 3826-3831] |
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| Comparision of thujone content in commercial Absinthe by HS-SPME/GC showed a great variability, ranging overall from 0.1-55.8 mg/l (with α-thujone 0.1-9.0mg/l and β-thujone 0.1-55.8 mg/l). \\ | Comparision of thujone content in commercial Absinthe by HS-SPME/GC showed a great variability, ranging overall from 0.1-55.8 mg/l (with α-thujone 0.1-9.0mg/l and β-thujone 0.1-55.8 mg/l). \\ |
| "Variations in the essential oil composition of Artemisia absinthium L. obtained from different geographical areas of Europe were determined using capillary gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis methods. The oils from air-dried wormwood were obtained in yields of 0.1-1.1%. The Absinthii herba grown in Estonia corresponded to the EP standards in the aspect of the essential oil contents. A total of 107 components were identified, representing over 85% of the total yield of oil. The principal components in the oils were sabinene (0.9-30.1%), myrcene (0.1-38.9%), 1, 8-cineole (0.1-18.0%), artemisia ketone (0-14.9%), linalool and α-thujone (1.1-10.9%), β-thujone (0.1-64.6%), trans-epoxyocimene (0.1-59.7%), trans-verbenol (0-11.7%), carvone (0-18.5%), (E)-sabinyl acetate (0-70.5%), curcumene (0-7.0%), neryl butyrate (0.1-13.9%), neryl 2-methylbutanoate (0.1-9.2%), neryl 3-methylbutanoate (0.4-7.3%), and chamazulene (0-6.6%). Monoterpenes were predominant (44.0-67.9%) in the oils from Scotland, Estonia (2000, 2002), Moldova, and Hungary. In the other oils studied oxygenated monoterpenes (41.2-93.9%) were found to predominate. The highest content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (11.9-29.8%) was found in the oils from Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, and Germany. Armenian oil contained more chamazulene (6.6%) than the other samples studied (0-2.1%). Four chemotypes were found to be characteristic of A. absinthium growing in Europe: sabinene and myrcene rich oil, α- and β-thujone rich oil, epoxyocimene rich oil, and (E)-sabinyl acetate rich oil. Some mixed chemotypes were also found." \\ | "Variations in the essential oil composition of Artemisia absinthium L. obtained from different geographical areas of Europe were determined using capillary gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis methods. The oils from air-dried wormwood were obtained in yields of 0.1-1.1%. The Absinthii herba grown in Estonia corresponded to the EP standards in the aspect of the essential oil contents. A total of 107 components were identified, representing over 85% of the total yield of oil. The principal components in the oils were sabinene (0.9-30.1%), myrcene (0.1-38.9%), 1, 8-cineole (0.1-18.0%), artemisia ketone (0-14.9%), linalool and α-thujone (1.1-10.9%), β-thujone (0.1-64.6%), trans-epoxyocimene (0.1-59.7%), trans-verbenol (0-11.7%), carvone (0-18.5%), (E)-sabinyl acetate (0-70.5%), curcumene (0-7.0%), neryl butyrate (0.1-13.9%), neryl 2-methylbutanoate (0.1-9.2%), neryl 3-methylbutanoate (0.4-7.3%), and chamazulene (0-6.6%). Monoterpenes were predominant (44.0-67.9%) in the oils from Scotland, Estonia (2000, 2002), Moldova, and Hungary. In the other oils studied oxygenated monoterpenes (41.2-93.9%) were found to predominate. The highest content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (11.9-29.8%) was found in the oils from Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, and Germany. Armenian oil contained more chamazulene (6.6%) than the other samples studied (0-2.1%). Four chemotypes were found to be characteristic of A. absinthium growing in Europe: sabinene and myrcene rich oil, α- and β-thujone rich oil, epoxyocimene rich oil, and (E)-sabinyl acetate rich oil. Some mixed chemotypes were also found." \\ |
| [Composition of the essential oil of //Artemisia absinthium L.// of different geographical origin. Orav, A., Raal, A., Arak, E., Müürisepp, M., Kailas, T., Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem, 55(3), 2006, 155-165] [[http://www.kirj.ee/public/va_ke/chem-2006-3-4.pdf]] | [Composition of the essential oil of //Artemisia absinthium L.// of different geographical origin. Orav, A., Raal, A., Arak, E., Müürisepp, M., Kailas, T., Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem, 55(3), 2006, 155-165] [[http://www.kirj.ee/public/va_ke/chem-2006-3-4.pdf]] |
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| "... α-thujone acts at the noncompetitive blocker site of the GABAA receptor and is rapidly detoxified, thereby providing a reasonable explanation for some of the actions of absinthe other than those caused by ethanol, and allowing more meaningful evaluation of risks involved in the continued use of herbal medicines containing α-thujone." \\ | |
| [α-Thujone (the active component of absinthe): γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification., Höld, K.M., Sirisoma, N.S., Ikeda, T., Narahashi, T., Casida, J.E., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(8), 2000, 3826-3831] | |
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| "Although the data base for determining exposure limits is of variable usefulness, the best estimates for allowable daily intakes via herbal preparations and diet are of the order of 3-7 mg/day." \\ | "Although the data base for determining exposure limits is of variable usefulness, the best estimates for allowable daily intakes via herbal preparations and diet are of the order of 3-7 mg/day." \\ |
